Lululemon - 1323 Words

Lululemon Athletica Lulemon Athletica is an athletic apparel company based out of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The company was founded by Dennis â€Å"Chip† Wilson, in the year 1998. Dennis Wilson had been in the skate, surf, and snowboard business for over 20 years when he took a commercial yoga class that was offered in Vancouver. Wilson found the results to be thrilling. He quickly was immersed in the idea of making his yoga experience the best possible. He believed the clothes that were being used for yoga were not the most appropriate. They made him sweat and weren’t very easy for the maneuvers yoga required. This would lead to the beginning of Wilson’s success. From Wilson’s passion for athletic fabrics, a design studio was†¦show more content†¦Department of Finance Canada (2009) states Canada has been significantly affected by the global recession and Canadian economy growth began to slow in the fourth quarter of 2008. Real GDP decl ined by 3.7 percent in the fourth quarter of 2008. Although Canadian economy is being affected by the global recession, the Canadian economy is still better than other industrialized countries (CMA Business Case) When it comes to a social aspect, Lululemon is becoming an increasing trend: a result of consumer approval. The company does take hits though for its return policy and many people feeling that their staff is not very friendly. The media took blows on the company when there was a murder that took place at one of their stores and the conflict was between two of the employees(Lawrence). They are seen as having sustainable development and being environmentally friendly. They are also conforming to demographic changes and developing lines for men and youth. As for a technological aspect, they are praised for their several forms of social media and keeping customers up to date as well as their up keep of fashion trends(MBASkool). SWOT Analysis: Strengths: * Retail Company is growing- its direct-to-consumer business grew from 8%-11%, went from 155 stores before 2012 to over 200 today. * There’s room around the globe to produce more stores and make more profit. * High quality products- good fabric and fitted for all types of bodies.Show MoreRelatedLululemon Swot Essay671 Words   |  3 PagesSWOT Analysis Company name: Lululemon Athletica Inc. (NASDAQ:LULU; TSX:LLL) Product: Lululemon Athletica produces yoga-inspired athletic apparel for both women and men. Strengths #1. Innovative Design Process Lululemon offers high-quality premium athletic apparel that is designed for performance, comfort, functionality and style. The innovative design process is attributed to a number of factors such as, real-time customer feedback. Lululemon seeks real-time customer feedback on theRead MoreLULULEMON Ethical BehaviourSocial Responsibility1467 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY lululemon athletica There are many ways to measure the success of a business. A financial analysis of lululemon athletica, a Vancouver-based company, would show that it is valued at more than $220 million. Would looking at an improved level of health in its community be another way to measure the success of this company? lululemon athletica founder Chip Wilson would welcome your investigation of the improved health and well-being of people in the communitiesRead MoreLululemon Case Essay examples8018 Words   |  33 PagesConfirming Pages CASE 6 lululemon athletica, Inc. Arthur A. Thompson The University of Alabama I n early 2012, investor interest in lululemon athletica— a designer and retailer of high-end, yoga-inspired athletic apparel under the lululemon athletica and ivivva athletica brand names—was surging. Over the past 30 months, growing numbers of female shoppers were patronizing the company’s stores to pay premium prices for lululemon-branded items that offered performance, fit, and comfort and wereRead MoreLululemon Case Study1306 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1 Case Study Lululemon 1. Considering the five forces of competition and how they direct the profit potential for a given industry, discuss how the forces help explain Lululemon’s performance. 2. The resource-based model assumes that each organization is a collection of resources and capabilities, which provide the basis for a firm‘s strategy and its primary source of above-average returns. Use this this model to outline Lululemon‘s core competencies and how their capabilitiesRead MoreLululemon Market Research Essay1068 Words   |  5 Pagesfriends, working out and meeting new people. †¢ Geographics As announced on the company’s website, there are currently over 100 Lululemon stores, distributed in 4 countries: Canada, the United States, Hong Kong and Australia. The first store was opened in Vancouver (Canada), in November 2000 – two years after the company’s establishment. Moreover Lululemon accounts for many dealers that distribute their products in countries such as Canada, United States, Cayman Islands, Hong Kong, MexicoRead MoreThe Importance of Exercise and Lululemon Athletica Company858 Words   |  3 Pagesthe mindset of many athletic-orientated people from a focus on the type of workout to the health benefits and life-style changes of working out and the apparel one should wear to enhance their performance. This company is Lululemon Athletica. Chip Wilson, founder of Lululemon Atheltica, was an outdoorsy man in the business of surf, skate, and snowboarding. After taking the opportunity to try a yoga class in Vancouver, he came to find the experience quite wonderful. One thing he did not find so wonderfulRead MoreLululemon Athletica Analytic Essay1633 Words   |  7 PagesCase Analysis #1 Problem Essay Lululemon Athletica Inc Samuel Ellison Presented for: Professor Kannangara Sunday, March 6th, 2016 BUSI4003 Introduction Lululemon Athletica Inc., founded in 1998 in Vancouver by Chip Wilson, is a company which designs and produces high-end yoga and technical athletic clothing. They have operated primarily in North America and Australia; their initial target customer was an educated woman who lives an active and healthy lifestyle. They opened their firstRead MoreIntroduction Of Lululemon Athletica Inc.1352 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Lululemon Athletica Inc., referred to as LULU in NASDAQ, is a global company based in Vancouver, Canada that deals in the designing, making and selling of athletic apparel. Founded in 1998 by Chip Wilson, the company has grown in leaps and bounds to become one of the key players in the industry. Competitive Advantage Lululemon Athletica’s (LULU) competitive advantage hinges on the company’s use of the four management pillars; efficiency, quality, innovation and responsiveness to clientsRead MoreIntroduction Of Lululemon Athletica Inc.1856 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Lululemon Athletica Inc. was incorporated in the month of November 2005, and is a manufacturer and vendor of practical strapping rendering attire for men, women and female adolescence. The objective of the attires is for healthful situations such as running, cycling, general fitness exercise and yoga. In the attires, it comprises aptitude britches, shorts, tops, jackets and other fitness related products like underwear, bags, bras, socks, yoga mats, yoga instruction discs and water bottlesRead MoreSwot Analysis For Lululemon Athletica1043 Words   |  5 PagesSWOT Analysis for lululemon athletica a. Current Strengths i. The commitment of the employees of lululemon athletica 1. Evidence from case: The employees commit to living a certain type of lifestyles in order to represent the company and the message behind it. (Page C-97) 2. Evidence from case: The employees of lululemon athletica are well rounded about the topics of healthy living, Yoga, and physical ways of staying healthy on a daily basis. This allows for customers to receive advice and recommendations

Defining Experience Free Essays

I have always considered myself an open and welcome person who treated everyone fairly. Other people that I knew would often express views that people, who lived in the United States, whether legally or not, should learn how to speak â€Å"our† language. While I tended to agree with them I never gave it much thought, until I found myself in a foreign country, and unable to speak the language. We will write a custom essay sample on Defining Experience or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was there that I learned, not only how it felt to not be able to communicate easily, but to be more tolerant of other people’s non-native speaking. I have always loved to travel with family and friends, and there was no better time than when I was living and working in Serbia. While I worked with people from many nationalities most, if not all, spoke the English language. I took this for granted, and while I made some attempts to learn new languages, I did not try too hard. After a particularly stressful month of work I felt the need to get away from it all, to rest and relax, and to broaden my perspective of the world. I made reservations for six solo days of scuba diving in Croatia. I was excited, nervous, even a little scared of traveling alone. I told myself that I’m 36 years old, have two kids, and lived in another country, so I held my head high, bid my friends farewell and took off. Upon arrival in Croatia I picked up my rental car at the airport in Zagreb. I got on the A1 motorway and pointed the Fiat Punta south towards the small fishing village of Rocogniza. I arrived there late in the afternoon and promptly found the dive shop that had arranged all my accommodations. I settled in and then set off into the village to explore and buy food to prepare for dinner. The sun was shining and felt warm as I parked my car started walking towards the village. I traveled past centuries old houses, a large stone Orthodox Christian church, and into the village. Once in the village I saw the bustle of people coming to and from the outdoor market and the fisher men peddling their catches along the dock. There were people of all ages in the town centre, young kids playing, and elderly people sitting at the cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s talking. I walked through the market and saw a very old lady selling fresh fruits and vegetables. I stopped at her cart and she was very warm, with bright eyes, a big smile on her face, and arms opened as if she were going to hug those around her. I said hello to the old lady who only nodded and I realized that she did not speak English. Even though there was a language barrier I was able to purchase the fresh fruit and vegetables that I would need for the next few days. I then walked to the docks and again I was greeted with a warm welcome by the fishermen. I bought several mackerel, red mullet, and bukva, more that I needed, thanked the fishermen and bid them farewell. After making my purchases I stopped at a small cafà © to have a coffee. The waiter Mario, whose brother was always living and working in Kosovo, spoke almost perfect English. I sat at that cafà © for several hours talking with Mario. Mario told me about the people of his village, how they had survived through the war, and how the Croatian people generally loved having foreigners visit their great land. Although I hated for our talk to end, I had to bid Mario farewell, and head out before dark. As I left the village I turned back and looked towards the small fishing village that I had just visited. I thought about the warm and welcoming reception that I had received and that I would always remember the people that I had met. I also thought about those people who come to the United States to either visit or in search of a better life for the families. I vowed to myself that I would learn some of the local language while traveling in other countries. This experience also changed the way that I would interact with people who were in my own country and did not know how to speak what we consider â€Å"our† language. How to cite Defining Experience, Essay examples

Being Physical and Keeping Myself Healthy Essay Example For Students

Being Physical and Keeping Myself Healthy Essay As I think about on where Ive been and where I am in my short life, Im only nineteen , I find that my main focus has been to take care of myself physically. I find it hard to believe that I actually competed in a physic building competition, especially a coed one. Out on a stage with a couple dozen chiseled chested men in board shorts, and sculpted bikini clad women. All essentially strangers to me. There I was taking a step here, a twist there, flexing my abs and biceps. Doing this somewhat strange dance of vanity with a smile on my face and eye contact with the 10 peeping eyes of the judges peering up at me. I think the reason I got into a physique competition was because of bodily injuries playing contact sports It was about 3 years ago, during my high school days that I woke up with a startle, as a bathroom door that was pulled closed to hard. As I peered around my darkened room, I was unsure of exactly where I was. Then I heard my Mom yelling, get up Mitchell, you have a wrestling match this morning! I sighed, rolled deep under my blankets into a cocoon of warmth, and remembered the cold rough surface of the wrestling match that I hoped to avoid having the back of my shoulders come into contact with. Being a wrestler wasnt a dream for me, but a way to keep fit in the off-football season, so out of my cocoon I flew on my way to the shower. After a guilt free breakfast since I had my weigh -in the night before, we hit the road. We pulled into the parking lot of Nebraska City High School, the morning snow crunching beneath the buss’s tires as we came to a stop. We piled out of the car, carrying armfuls of the necessary items to bring inside a gym for most of the day. Things like food, beverages, reading material and of course phone chargers. My parents wished me luck and I marched my way through the echoing chamber of the gym. The announcer sounding like a McDonalds drive-thru order taker,where you only understand about half of what was said. My team claimed an area on the bleachers and then we hit the mats to warm-up, I soon began stretching myself into a pretzel. Amongst the organized madness of coaches yelling, whistles blowing and people flailing about in every which direction, my teammates and I figured out our matches. Soon after the announcer calls out â€Å"weight class 132 Mitchell, mat 4†. I shake my opponents hand and the referee blew the whistle, it was on then. As I am accessing my opponent he quickly moved in on me, taking the first shot. I sprawled. I cross faced him delivering pain and also a message to not shoot on me. After I broke him down, I worked a cradle on him to put him into a pinning position. I held it as tightly as I could, and shortly after, the referee’s hands slapped the mat to signal that the match was over. I went back and shook hands with him again. It was an awesome feeling to win my first match of the day in less than a minute. I hear applause and loud screeching screams from friends and family I decided that I really liked wrestling and would work on excelling in it. I was pumped up for my remaining match’s. The following two took a much greater effort, but I was able to win those matches as well. After those victories I was moving on to compete for the first place medal. I was mentally psyched and feeling pretty macho. Again, my name was called out, with seemingly more emphasis by the announcer. Quickly moving into position I felt like a predator readying myself for an easy meal as I sized up my prey. The whistle shrilled and off we went. Circling each other, looking for an opening I faked a move to the left and quickly pounced on his right leg. Pulling him out and down from behind his knee I landed on top of him and worked my arms into position to pull his legs up with his back and shoulders going against the stale smelling mat. My hand slipped off him and suddenly he arched up, freed himself and spun to his left while getting back to his feet. I sprang back up and we were once again facing each other. How quickly my ego shrunk away from me as we once again circled each other. He leapt at me pulling my right arm down and quickly came behind, encircling both arms to slam me down. I pushed down on his hands breaking free of his grasp. As I was striding forward his arms slid down my thigh and he grabbed hold of my knee, twisting my leg to pull me down. At that moment I felt a wrenching pain and heard a popping type sound and in a split second I was down. With my role suddenly reversed as the injured prey, I struggled physically and emotionally to this sad turn of events. Within seconds I was pinned. Feeling utterly useless I was able to limp off the mat, hoping that I would be okay. The enthusiasm I had earlier for wrestling no turned into contempt. Although able to walk, it was very uncomfortable despite the ice pack the athletic trainer. Hobbling over to gather my gym bag I was greeted by my folks and their somber looks. The â€Å"you did great Mitch† and â€Å"don’t worry everything will be okay† did nothing to lift my spirits, I just wanted to get home, take a shower and crawl back into my cocoon, wishing I had never gotten out of it this morning. On waking Monday morning, my left knee was killing me. Unable to extend my knee as it was locked in place I told my Mom it was more than a bad sprain. Fortunately, she is a registered nurse, so after a phone call we pulled on our coats and off we went for what I thought was to be an x-ray. Manatees EssayI played through the rest of the scrimmage, but I can not remember anything after that hit i had took. The next thing I knew I was lying flat on my living room floor not recalling even coming home. At this point my head is in agonizing pain, I think it is going to explode there is so much pressure. My mother helps me up as I am screaming in pain. She rushes me to the emergency and they suspect a concussion. In addition to the examination and my history of previous concussion I am given a cat scan. Luckily it comes back normal. The doctor advises me to have a concussion examination to compare to my baseline. On Monday morning I have one taken with my primary doctor and fail it big time. I make an executive decision and decide to quit football. I realize football is just temporary and I know the lifelong repercussions that concussions cause for your brain. â€Å"That’s a good choice young man† says the doctor. â€Å"Yeah† I reply, â€Å"I should have done it sooner†. As we head to the car, the disappointment I feel in myself is almost painful. The self pity is frustrating. The next day as I walk past teammates and others with my helmet and pads, all eyes are on me as I head into the coaches office. I told him about the hard hit and my visit to the ER and hand him a note from the doctor. He tells me I should have gone to the trainer first. â€Å"Coach† I say, â€Å"I am going to have to quit, the risk does not meet the reward anymore. He understands and shakes my hand. Coach lets me know that I am still part of the team and wants me to come to the sidelines every game, I pass it down. I hold my jersey close to me one last time and then hand it in, football is now just another part of my past. The first 3 weeks of school was tough, especially not going to football practice. Football had been a part of me since starting with flag football at the YMCA in grade school. More than just playing the game, I also enjoyed the conditioning and keeping fit aspect of it. While my former teammates hit the school weight room each morning I decided to workout at my gym each day. Since my football days were behind me, it was time to move on. With the injuries I sustained during wrestling and football, I decided to focus just on my personal training efforts. I really enjoyed weightlifting and had developed good technique through the years by trying to develop myself as a better athlete physically. An obvious benefit in addition to increasing physical strength is the development of the physique. It requires a lifestyle change in and out of the gym to meet one’s physique improvement goals. The sport of bodybuilding requires a very strong discipline of body and mind. Many people, especially other athletes don’t think that it should be considered a sport. However, professionals have shown that the training required to develop muscle with exercise, weights and diet requires as much and often more effort than those in traditional sports. I personally began training for my personal beliefs in health and fitness and never considered entering a competition until I met a competitor at my gym. His name was Mike Johnson son, a natural bodybuilder and host of pro qualifying competitions. Mike informed me of a show he was hosting and then got to talking all about natural bodybuilding. He told me it would be a journey and if i really wanted to do something like this I would have to stay dedicated and focused. After a few days of thinking about it I met Mike back at the gym and told him it is something new that I would like to try. There I took my first step into a new journey, and my life would forever change, and probably for the better. Sports is an important aspect of life, it teaches you camaraderie, how to get along with others, perseverance, leadership and responsibility. The reasons someone chooses a particular sport to play can be varied, but typically comes with what your friends are doing, and then on your ability. When I first signed up for wrestling and football I never imagined myself on a stage competing in a mens physique competition. In addition to the weights, exercise and diet I actually had an instructor teaching me methods of stage presence. How to smile, make eye contact, position limbs and make a proper entrance, correct turns and good exit off the stage. My first competition in the Max Classic last June was a changing moment as it showed me that my passion for athletics and competition was still with me. During wrestling and football you would see and hear the fans but you never felt like you were being watched like I did during physique competition. This added another dimension to competing that I enjoy. From a torn meniscus and multiple concussions to the loss of playing varsity football my senior year, I learned that adversity can lead to other unexplored paths. Lessons of resourcefulness, self discipline and discovery come in many directions. I may not have been the great athlete I wanted to be during high school but because of high school athletics I was able to find a passion for fitness, creating a stronger body and mind in all, striving every single day to become the strongest version of myself. I hope in the future I can use my passion of health and fitness to help others.

Presenting Rory Sutherland as a Hero of Advertising Essay Example

Presenting Rory Sutherland as a Hero of Advertising Essay Presenting Rory Sutherland as a Hero of Advertising BY Jaymes2510 James Essex Presenting Rory Sutherland as a Hero of Advertising Word Count: 1133 Words Born in 1965 in a small town called Usk, Monmouthshire, Rory Sutherland has rose through the ranks in the advertising industry to become one of the most influential fgures in advertising (The Marketing Society, 2013). Rory began his studies at his local school Haberdashers, and then on to further his studies at Christs College, Cambridge. During school, Rory was a mischievous child. His brother recalling a ituation in which, in Rorys Latin class the teacher wondered whether he had time for a new exercise. *dow much time have I got? the master muttered to himself as he looked at his watch. Not long unless you give up smoking, Sir, was Rorys response. (The Wiki Man, 2011) This sense of foolishness and carefree attitude seems to have followed Rory into his later life, work and has possibly made him the influential fgure he is today. Rory seemed to be following in the footsteps of Sir Martin Sorrell from an early age, however it seems that the rebellious attitude seemed to diminish the similarities egan teaching at a grammar school in Aylesbury. This would not last long however. The contents of the staff room proved too depressing to bear (Ogilvy, 2013). After applying to numerous advertising and marketing Jobs, Rory finally landed a position at Ogilvy Mather Direct where things did not improve, Paul ODonnell, chairman of Ogilvy Mather saying he was without a doubt the worst graduate trainee we ever hired (The Wiki Man, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Presenting Rory Sutherland as a Hero of Advertising specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Presenting Rory Sutherland as a Hero of Advertising specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Presenting Rory Sutherland as a Hero of Advertising specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Rory had many Jobs at Ogilvy and it seemed like he was terrible at all of them. Rory always had a keen eye for seeking out new developments in technology and making se of them. Rory Joined the agency at the brink of a technological boom, when computers and the Internet were starting to advance rapidly. When Ogilvy got a new information machine called MAID, (a piece of equipment that would give answers to questions being typed into it), they had no choice but to let Rory use it, as he was the only one that knew how. Paul ODonnell (2011) stated that this was the worst thing they could have let Rory do. Instead of actually planning, he would sit in front of the machine typing in question after question, looking at the answers and saying fascinating, fascinating. After being moved from account management to planning, and then being fired from that, it seemed like there was no hope for Rory. That was until an outcry across the office forced them to give Rory one more chance. He was moved to the creative department and flourished. Within five years Rory was made Executive Creative Director. Rory has become an expert on behavioural economics and believes advertising and marketing must be seen as a science. In a TED Talk filmed in Athens, Rory talks about how Perspective is everything and how much too time is spent looking for technical engineering solutions and not enough time ooking for psychological solutions. Using the following example where he talks about the Eurostar Journey times, he sums his statement up perfectly: Six million pounds spent to reduce the Journey time between Paris and London by about forty minutes. For maybe ten percent of the money you could have paid all of the worlds top male and female supermodels to walk up and down the train, handing out free Chateau Petrus to all passengers. Youd still have five [million] pounds in change and people would ask for the trains to be slowed down. (TED Talks, 2012) This is a brilliant example of the creative and knowledgeable way Rory looks at the dvertising industry and using this insight, he has launched a new initiative called #ogilvychange. Founded by Rory himself and Director of Strategy Integration Jez Groom, #ogilvychange uses leading research in cognitive psychology and the communication expertise of Ogilvy to create a new way of advertising, to change the minds and behavior of the consumers in a way that makes advertising much more effective. Rorys view of looking at advertising and marketing as purely a science rather than an art form is not brand new however. In 1923, Claude C. Hopkins published his book advertising and the need to target the man rather than the masses. In other words, advertising that targets a large quantity of people is going to be less effective than advertising that focuses on targeting an individual, finding out the way they think and targeting a more psychological advertising campaign towards them using a scientific approach. In his book, Claude Hopkins says: Dont think of people in the mass. That gives you a blurred view. Think ofa typical individual, man or woman, who is likely to want what you sell. Dont try to be amusing. Money spending is a serious matter (Scientific Advertising, 1923) Rory seems to be carrying on this scientific approach to advertising, working with big lients such as British Airways, British Gas, IBM and many more to change the way people think and behave. Rory has championed the behavioural economics agenda at Ogilvy Mather and working with a team of experts, he will oversee the future of Looking at Rory Sutherland, as a hero of advertising at the present moment may be slightly difficult to comprehend, after all, Claude Hopkins pioneered the idea of scientific advertising and as such, shaped the way advertisers target their consumers. As a personal opinion, I would argue that Claude Hopkins has made much more of a contribution to advertising in the behavioural economics and sychological advertising segment and is therefore more worthy of the title Hero of Advertising. However if we look at the work Rory Sutherland is currently undertaking at Ogilvy Mather, the use of his understanding of behavioural economics and psychological advertising to create a whole new agenda for the company, #ogilvychange, I can not say that he has had no contribution to the advertising industry. His skills speak for himself; his bubbly and rebellious attitude from a young age has made him a charismatic person and as such, he has managed to rise through the ranks at Ogilvy Mather at a substantial rate. Perhaps this is why he has such an understanding of behavioural economics and consumer psychology, because he can relate to the consumer on a human level. As such, although Rory Sutherland may not be worthy of the title Hero of Advertising at the present moment in comparison to such pioneers as Claude Hopkins, I can see the use of his understanding of consumer psychology and his founding and running of #ogilvychange putting him in a prime place to soon become a Hero of Advertising. Hopkins, C. , 1923. Scientific Advertising [online] Available from: http:// www. scientificadvertising. com/ScientificAdvertising. f [Accessed October 2013] The Marketing Society, 2013. Ogilvy and Pimp My Cause partnership [online] The Library. Available from: https://www. marketingsociety. co. uk/the-library/ogilvy-and- pimp-my-cause-partnership [Accessed October 2013] #ogilvychange, 2013. Little Ideas From Big Thinkers [online] #ogilvychange. Available from: http://www. ogilvychange. com/ [Accessed Octob er 2013] Ogilvy Mather. 2013. Rory Sutherland. [online] Available from: http:// www. ogilvy. co. uk/our-people/rory-sutherland/. [Accessed October 2013] Ogilvy Mather. 2012. Ogilvy Mather UK Launches new Behavioural Sciences Practice [online] Available from: http://www. ogilvy. co. uk/blog/ogilvy-mather-uk- launches-new-behavioural-sciences-practice/ [Accessed October 2013] Ogilvy Change, 2013. An Introduction to #ogilvychange [video, online] Available from: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=PYoD1 IWEYpg [Accessed October 2013] Sutherland, R. , 2011. The Wiki Man [online] London: Its Nice That and Ogilvy Group Ted Talks, 2012. Rory Sutherland: Perspective is Everything [video, online] Available from: http://www. ted. com/talks/rory_sutherland_perspective_is_everything. html [Accessed October 2013]

When to Hyphenate - Proofeds Academic Writing Tips Blog

When to Hyphenate - Proofeds Academic Writing Tips Blog When to Hyphenate Hyphenation is a term for linking two words with a hyphen to make a compound word. In this context, compound simply means two separate words have been joined together. Compound Adjectives Compound adjectives are formed by joining two words (e.g., good-looking, power-hungry or accident-prone). Further examples include: Free-range Part-time Long-term Well-known Compound adjectives can be composed of more than two words, making them more like phrases: Tongue-in-cheek Happy-go-lucky Devil-may-care Compound adjectives like these should only be hyphenated if they appear before what they are describing in a sentence. For example, the compound adjective in The well-known artist Whistler†¦ could also be used without a hyphen later in the sentence: e.g., The artist Whistler was well known†¦ Compound Nouns and Verbs It is more difficult to know when to hyphenate nouns and verbs. In many cases, it is simply a matter of convention (e.g., mother-in-law). The best thing to do with these terms is check a dictionary. If you find a term where the hyphen is optional, your main guideline should be consistency. Many words that begin with the prefixes non-, pre-, de- or re- are hyphenated, but this is only necessary when it prevents a letter clash. For example, we hyphenate re-evaluate because evaluate starts with the same letter that precedes it. But we do not hyphenate retry because there is no letter clash. This isnt always true, but it is a good rule of thumb (and you can always check a dictionary if youre not sure about a word). Hyphenating for Clarity In some cases, we also use a hyphen to ensure clarity. Omitting a hyphen can even change the meaning of some sentences. For example: I once saw a man-eating crocodile. I once saw a man eating crocodile. The first sentence here describes a crocodile as man-eating (i.e., a crocodile that eats humans). The second, non-hyphenated sentence describes a man eating crocodile meat. Rules about which words should be hyphenated can very between institutions, though, so be sure to double check your style guide. If you would like to have your paper checked for style, grammar and formatting errors, make use of Proofed’s specialist academic proofreading service.

Achievements of the EU

Achievements of the EU Mao Julin Hay Jean Leang Pisey Kim Chansreynich Hao Kanhamonisopea Bun Kimsour European Union (EU) is a union formed by mainly European countries, which is established in term of economy and politics. Its origin is European Community that formally created in November 1, 1993 which involves with 6 members-Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and Netherland. Nowadays, there are 28 members. EU’s headquarter is located in Brussels, Belgium. So far, European Union has reached many achievements such as the promotion and expansion of cooperation with its Member States in economic, trade, social issues, foreign policy, security, defense, and judicial issues. Another major accomplishment of EU is the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) that makes EU succeed in having a single currency (EURO) along with a common monetary policy. EU is famous for its economy on which many countries around the world are being focused. Economic integration is one of the main goals that EU has considered since its first establishment in 1957, and it has a significantly visible success based on fundamentally by a single currency-the Euro. It is a common currency in the circle of euro area that recently can facilitate the monetary circulation in 18 countries of the member states. Interestingly, its achievement of becoming the second largest currency of the world after dollars has pushed the European community’s economy to flourish further. Euro contributes to maintain the stability and prospect of economic society climate, which attract more investment and international or regional trade through the convenient calculation without involving with the foreign exchange rate. The common monetary policy has been adopted in order to acquire greater achievement, common objective and ensure benefits of all euro area states that use euro as their currency. In addition, cross-border trade and investment are the ultimate goal of Euro zone countries. EU removed trade barri ers in order to facilitate the flow of goods and services, which can fill in each other’s gap between the Member States. The common purpose is to increase competition and take away all restriction obstacles of the free movement of goods in the Common Market so that they can accelerate the economic development. The mobility of products, goods and capital facilitate human consumption within the region. Moreover, the free movement of capital is intended to permit movement of investments such as property purchase and buying of shares between countries. All intra-EU transfers in euro are considered as domestic payments and bear the corresponding domestic transfer costs. Another EU achievement is a so-called Custom Union, which was established in an attempt to adopt the common arrangement for imports from other countries based on common external tariff, provides to all members. This effort is made to develop the world trade and facilitate trade beyond border from all countries arou nd the world. What is more important about its achievements is to establish a society with the same rule for different nationalities; for example, people from each country in the name as membership of EU can possibly travel and move freely to settle down, work, retire, or vote, either permanently or temporarily, without any discrimination. For students who want to experience cross-border education. Thousands of students from EU citizen can get a common standard of education simultaneously experience intercultural understanding and good condition of living and studying in other European member states annually. Due to common passport creation, it has been granted to EU people in order to be indicated as EU citizen and move freely.

Wireless microphone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wireless microphone - Essay Example In this scenario, Moores attached the wireless transmitter inside the clothes used by the character Abanazar, and it was an excellent experiment which worked exactly according to plan. However, Moores could not get a patent for his idea for the reason that he was not legally making use of the radio frequency 76 MHz. Hence, it was decided by the producers of the ice show that they would stop making use of this wireless device; and instead of this device they would employ singers and actors in order to perform using secret microphones for dubbing voices of the other ice skaters in order that they could be freed to focus on their skating (Boly Electronics., 2010). In addition, Moores mentioned his prototype of 1947 in the Science Museum in London in the 1972. Since the first usage of wireless microphone it is being used in different forms in different places. A model of wireless microphone introduced in 1958 was manufactured by Sony which was called Sony CR-4 in 1960 and this wireless microphone was being suggested for nightclub acts and theatre performances. As mentioned above, a large number of manufacturers and individuals claim that they are the actual inventors of wireless microphone. In this scenario, Beyerdynamic that is a German equipment manufacturer, claims that the first wireless microphone was transistophone which was invented by Hung C. Lin., However, it appeared in the public in 1962. In addition, in 1964 wireless microphone was used for the first in a film in order to record sound while filming a motion picture in the 1964 film My Fair Lady. First compander wireless microphone came with Wider dynamic range in 1976, which was pr oduced by Nady Systems. Additionally, The Rolling Stones and Todd Rundgren were the first famous musicians that made use of these systems during a live concert. In 1996, Nady, Sennheiser, CBS and Vega got a combined

DEVELOMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - METHODOLOGIES OF CHILDHOOD PREJUDICE Essay

DEVELOMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - METHODOLOGIES OF CHILDHOOD PREJUDICE - Essay Example vities of young children within the social setting in which they find themselves impress meanings upon them more profoundly than through their intellectual grasp of their surroundings (2003). Methods used by researchers have been chosen in order to probe the areas in which social conditioning occur, as well as to detect the social representations given different objects and interactions that can be found or are known to occur in different environments. Their experiments have captured empirically the results of this kind of social representation by facilitating children and adults’ precise designation of the gender to which objects are believed to be best associated. Through this they have demonstrated the different levels at which this type of social conditioning occurs, as well as the prejudices that result and that become evident at different stages of children’s development. Developmental psychologists have theorised that gender assumptions, beliefs, values and prejudices become embedded through the social representations that are available to them in their environment (Sanders, 2003). Ideas about the behaviours and expectations of males and females are learned in ways similar to those in which people learn colour and speech: through interaction with others in the social settings in which they find themselves. These ideas are learned socially and then internalised, and it is these ideas that compact together to form the gender prejudices that are displayed in children. After this period of internalisation, the attitudes and behaviours displayed by persons become unconsciously imbued with these beliefs and their expression of them causes their inculcation in future generations. The method of research by Lloyd and Duveen (1993) has demonstrated the high likelihood of identities to become formed through socialisation that occurs within a specific group. This has highlighted the diversity that exists among the identities that children have expressed, but in

The importance of business communication Essay Example for Free

The importance of business communication Essay The importance of business communication Treat others as you want to be treated Please think before you print When you think about these two quotes you will find a lot of meanings. something happens In your life around you, about the relations and communication and how to deal with others not Just on business also in your general life, so it is too important to learn how to communicate. communication Is the process of transmlttlng Ideas, thoughts, information, opinions, and plans between various parts of an organization r sometimes to those on the outside of an organization who are interest In the business and need to know the Information. Communication is one of the most basic functions of management in any organization. Its Importance can never be over emphasized. The presence of business communication ensures that there is a sense of professionalism in the business. Good communication means your message is being sent and those receiving it clearly understand It In its entirely. Because of this, the receiver will more likely respond to It In a positive manner. When this occurs, it means the message was communicated effectively. A customer who receives poor communication from an employee will most likely have an unfavorable response to a company. The reason for this could be because the person listening does not possess a clear understanding of what the person doing the talking is actually saying. Perhaps the request is unclear. or maybe the person listening did not pay close enough attention. Human relations cannot be present without communication. Good and effective communication is required for oth personal relationships and successful business relationships. You can use business software and other popular applications for writing communications, or you can utilize the telephone and In-person methods for the spoken part. No matter how you communicate, make sure there is both talking and listening going on and that you take the time to caretully consider what is being said to you. All three forms of communication are important to a business. The written communications can serve as d record of sorts while the phone conversations can acilitate the beginning of a great business relationship. The in-person communication will also help to further promote the business principles as well as the products. Face-to-face communication is especially important between companies and their customers. This is what keeps them coming back time and time again and what can place the business In the forefront of many situations that are perfect for acquiring and maintaining customers Effective cornrnunlcatlon In business helps better understand d person or situation, nables us to resolve important differences, and builds trust and respect.

Hatchet :: essays research papers

I read a Book called Hatchet. Brian Robeson had divorced parents, goes on a flight to see his father in the Canadian wilderness. This is Brains first time in an airplane. He explains this to the pilot and tells him that he is scared. The pilot feels sorry for Brian and decides to show him that flying is not hard. He lets Brian take the steering control and lets him steer for awhile. Just when Brian thinks that everything is going well, the pilot has a heart attack and dies. Brian knows he must land the plane himself or die. He tries to use the radio, but it diddn't work. He knows that if he hits the trees he can die. So he decides to land in the water of a lake. When he lands in the water. He gets out through a window. He sat on the bank of the lake for a while to rest. Brian knew he needed food and shelter to survive so he left to find both. He diddn't want to go too far from the lake where his water was, or he might get lost. He found a cherry tree and he ate some because he was hungry. He filled his windbreaker with cherries to eat later and then found a cave to stay in. He slept good, but in the morning when he woke up, he saw a bear in the cave. He was scared, because the bear was only about 20 feet away eating his cherries out of his windbreaker. The bear only looked at Brian and then left. The cherries must have been enough to full him up. The discovery of how to make a fire was very important to Brains survival. He needed to have a fire at the front of the cave to protect him from wild animals, and to signal for help.A porcupine came into his cave. It was dark in the cave and he heard something moving. He knew it was alive, but he diddn't know what it was. So he kicked it. Then the quills shot into his foot and then he knew it was a porcupine. He was in hurt, and knew he could not touch it. He threw his hatchet, and it hit the rock of the cave instead of the porcupine, and it made a spark. He knew how to make the spark.

Effects of Tv on Children

We have all heard the incessant reports about the damaging effects of too much time spent in front of a television. The bad habit of watching hour after hour of television usually begin early in a persons life and people who have the habit of spending a lot of time watching too much TV are usually overweight. They also end up with other weight related problems during their life. Watching TV is especially harmful for small children. A study shows that when toddlers watch too much TV, they are more likely to have attention problems later on during their childhood and possibly for the rest of their life.This can have an impact on how well a child is able to perform in school and in other areas of their life. Allowing the television to be a baby sitter for your infant is not a good idea. The long hours of watching cartoons can be better spent doing some other activity. When I was a child a had a very small patch of the yard that I turned into a garden. I took dry beans from the packs in the kitchen and planted them in the garden. It was a wonderful feeling to watch them grow from a bean to a plant.We never ate anything from my garden, but having it gave me something to look forward to outside of the house, instead of doing nothing but sitting in front of the TV all day. Even today, more than 30 years later, I still do not watch (much) TV. There are a lot of TV stations that show programs that are very educational and a person can benefit from these programs. But, a child under the age of three should not be allowed to sit in front of the TV for a long time, the study states that no more than 30 minutes per day is enough. The long stream of continuous violence shown on TV has a negative effect on a child and adults, as well.Watching hours of violence, fast food commercials and the other nonsense – will have an adverse effect on anyone who watches it. It is not good to live in a society that doesn't blink an eye when someone has their head blown off. When you allow the television to raise your children, by the time they are 21 years old, they would have seen hundreds of thousands of violent, dehumanising acts on the screen. What could the after effects of that produce? How long should your child watch TV per day, you decide. Just be prepared to deal with the consequences of too much TV.

Computers †A Boon or Curse Essay

In my opinion computer is a boon to the mankind. Dear friends can you imagine the world without computers. It would be like the life a 100 years back. Would you accept that life? Today we enjoy such a comfortable life, don’t we owe this to computers. Look at the way the computers have a role to play in our life. Today when we get up in the morning and want to read the newspaper, internet permits us to read the latest news of any newspaper in the world. Before going to office we can check the mails and also reply them instantly. There is no need for physical mail, paperwork and delays. In the office computers help us to connect with the various locations and discuss with them any problem at a time through videoconferencing. Earlier to deposit or withdraw money one had to go to bank and stand in a queue, but today we can do this online through wire transfer or ATM. Not only that but we can purchase anything from the shops through Credit or Debit Cards. No need to carry physical cash. Look at the railway or flight reservations. No more agonizing pain of standing in queues for hours. Today you can book any ticket of any flight in the world at the click of a button. Even hotels booking can be done online. In the field of education computers have simplified the learning process, we have CD’s of reputed faculty, additionally, internet allows browsing any book or tutoring from the experts in the field. You can even solve any query you have. In the field of medicine, computers help doctors in operations, accuracy and clear diagnosis of a disease. Computers also help in data logging, data backup and easy data transfer. Complicated mathematical and statistical  problems can be solved in few seconds. Thus there is no field untouched by computers today. Computers thus have saved our precious time, energy, space and improved the living standards and life of mankind. So Computer is a boon to mankind

Sex Ratio by Geography

Sex Ratio by Geography Sex ratio is the demographic concept that measures the proportion of males to females in a given population. It is usually measured as the number of males per 100 females. The ratio is expressed as in the form of 105:100, where in this example there would be 105 males for every 100 females in a population. Sex Ratio at Birth The average natural sex ratio for humans from birth is approximately 105:100. Scientists are not sure why there are 105 males born for every 100 females around the world. Some suggestions for this discrepancy are given as: It is possible that over time, nature has compensated for males lost in war and other dangerous activities to better balance the sexes. A more sexually active gender is more likely to produce offspring of their own gender. Thus, in a polygamous society (polygamy where one man has multiple wives), he is likely to have a greater proportion of offspring that are male. It is possible that female infants are under-reported and not registered with the government as often as male babies. Scientists also say that a woman with a slightly over average amount of testosterone is more likely to conceive a male. Female infanticide or the abandonment, neglect, or malnutrition of female infants in cultures where males are favored may occur. Today, sex-selective abortions are unfortunately common in countries like India and China. The introduction of ultrasound machines throughout China in the 1990s led to a sex ratio of up to 120:100 at birth due to familial and cultural pressure to have ones only child as a male. Shortly after these facts became known, it became illegal for expectant couples to know the gender of their fetus. Now, the sex ratio at birth in China has been reduced to 111:100. The worlds current sex ratio is somewhat on the high side – 107:100. Extreme Sex Ratios The countries that have the highest proportion of males to females are... Armenia – 115:100Azerbaijan – 114:100Georgia – 113:100India – 112:100China – 111:100Albania – 110:100 The United Kingdom and United States have a sex ratio of 105:100 while Canada has a sex ratio of 106:100. The countries with the lowest proportion of males to females are... Grenada and Liechtenstein – 100:100Malawi and Barbados – 101:100 Adult Sex Ratio The sex ratio among adults (ages 15-64) can be highly variable and is based on migration and death rates (especially due to war). Into late adulthood and old age, the sex ratio is often highly skewed toward females. Some countries with very high proportions of males to females include... United Arab Emirates – 274:100Qatar – 218:100Kuwait – 178:100Oman – 140:100Bahrain – 136:100Saudi Arabia – 130:100 These oil-rich countries import many men to work and thus the ratio of males to females is highly disproportionate. On the other hand, quite a few countries have far more females than males... Chad - 84:100Armenia – 88:100El Salvador, Estonia, and Macau – 91:100Lebanon – 92:100 Senior Sex Ratios In later life, the life expectancy of men tends to be shorter than women and thus men die earlier in life. Thus, many countries have a very high proportion of women to men in the over age 65 range... Russia – 45:100Seychelles – 46:100Belarus – 48:100Latvia – 49:100 On the other extreme, Qatar has a 65 sex ratio of 292 men to 100 women. That is the most extreme sex ratio currently experienced. There are nearly three old men for every old woman. Maybe countries should begin to trade an over-abundance of elderly of one gender?

Applying Anthropology Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applying Anthropology Paper - Essay Example This is an English Second Language (ESL) program designed to increase the English proficiency of Mexican immigrant children so that by the time they reached high school age they could be successful in a unilingual English instructional setting. The other articles (Smith-Hefner) in 1988 and 1989 describes efforts in the Boston area for Khmer children from Cambodia to be provided instruction in their native language as well as English for 3 or 4 years again until they were deemed sufficiently proficient in English to benefit from mainstream unilingual English instruction. The data from the studies showed that language use preferences of both immigrant groups were strongly linked to aspirations of success in mainstream American society. Although they showed some degree of pride in their respective cultural heritages, there was also the realization even among children (implicitly if not consciously) that a high degree of proficiency in English As well as at least some acceptance of American social norms was essential to thriving in their new homeland especially in attaining higher socioeconomic occupations. In the Fuller study the parents of the 4 Mexican heritage children had mixed views of the importance of education, but the children expressed uniformly strong evaluations of it at least on a lip service level. .The 2 girls as time progressed tended to use more English in conversations with adult teachers and with each other as best friends. The 2 boys tended to use more Spanish especially to each other even though they were at least as proficient in English as the girls. This reflects that although they recognized the importance of English fluency in their future endeavors as breadwinners, they were more conscious of maintaining their Mexican heritage in their social relations than the girls. The Smith-Hefner study states that most Khmer parents placed a high value on both the acquisition of English fluency and

Midterm paper in microeconomics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Midterm paper in microeconomics - Case Study Example This can be presented in a graph as follows: Figure 1: Graph Presenting the function, Y = F (K, L) = AK0.4L0.8 (b) In order to break even, one should hardly be worried about the production size since size is hardly the only factor that influences production. Again, fixed costs are not related directly to a firm’s level of production. Break-even involves the point at which both variable and fixed costs would be recovered, implying that production size is not a major factor to consider in this case. Answer to Question 2 This is a case of two firms that compete in a sequntial game, where each firm chooses prices as its strategic variable.Firm 1 make the choice of price p1, first, while firm 2 chooses p2 later. Each of the two firms has a marginal cost of 20. The assumption in this case is that a consumer is loacted at point x, x being the distance from firm 1, and obtains some utility after buying from either of the two firms. Such functions are as below: U1 = V – p1 †“ 16x U2 = V – p2 – 16 (1 - x) Given that V is a constant, which is so large that it could cover the entire market: (a) The best response for firm 2 would require that the firm looks ahead to its initial decision. It would then assume that given that it comes to that point, firm 1 will choose the optimal outcome of firm 2; in this case, the highest payoff in terms of price. Secondly, firm 2 would have to back up to its second all the way to the last decision. It would assume that firm 1 would opt for high prices (Peterson, 39). The firm would continue reasoning back in the same way until all its decisions are fixed. Such decision could be presented in a (p2; p1) space as follows: V = U2 + p2 + 16 (1 - x) V= U1 + p1 + 16x Thus, U2 + p2 + 16 (1 - x) = U1 + p1 + 16x U2 + p2 + 16 = U1 + p1 + 32x Since the two firms are competing sequentially, the market equilibrium price is the point where p1= p2 since all firms would ultimately have to lower their prices in order to att ract as many customers as possible (Peterson, 39). (b) The equilibrium price is p1 =p2 =20. The profit for firm 1 is Yp1 – 20c while that of firm 2 is Yp2 – 20c, where Y is the total output and 20c is the total cost which is constant for the two firms. (c) Equilibrium price is 20. The market share for firm 1 and firm 2 are x and (1 – x) respectively. Answer to question 3 The following data was obtained from Rema Store. (1) The name of the store is Rema Grocery Store. The type of cheese in the store, the prices per kilogram and the brand of cheese including the unit size are as shown in the table above. (2) Based on the various brands, unit sizes, and price per kilogram for each brand, it is easy to propose price discrimination scheme. The price discrimination scheme could explain more about the stores and the brands of cheese sold. The best price discrimination scheme for the products is the first degree of price discrimination. In this case, the seller would se ll various product brands of cheese at different prices. The scheme would require that the seller knows the reservation price for each of the brand sold. Once the seller identifies the reservation price for each brand, he or she is able to sell the different brands of cheese to the consumers at the maximum prices possible. Customers hardly consider quantities but their perception of quality is based

Historical Perspectives in Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Historical Perspectives in Christianity - Essay Example However, the Lutheran church was further divided into several denominations due to doctrinal differences. Some retained some rituals conducted by catholic faith while some did away with them altogether. Divisions continued and up to date many denominations continue to crop up. The birth of Pentecostalism however, can be attributed to the Azusa street revival led by William J. Seymour an African American preacher in 1906.2 Seymour was born in a catholic family but was later converted into born again Christian owing to his numerous travels. He believed in the baptism of individuals with the Holy Spirit and the filling of individuals with the Holy Ghost as stated in the book of Acts: 2 by Apostle Luke.3 The Pentecost was thus a renewal of the church and was referred as a revival. There are many events that led to the Azusa street revival that affected and continue to influence the church even today. These will be the focus of attention in this paper but first, a short history of the chu rch will be given. The rest of the paper will be based on the events in the life of William Seymour which led to the revival. Brief History of Christianity The early church mostly was comprised of the Jews hence was regarded as Jewish Christianity. Its roots can be traced in the New Testament where Jesus used to walk with His disciples preaching the gospel to all nations. When He ascended to Heaven, He promised the Apostles He would send them a helper in the name of the Holy Spirit to enable them to preach the gospel widely and this was fulfilled on the day of Pentecost.4 The apostles established a church and spread the gospel far and wide. However, they were all persecuted for holding on to their faith but this did not stop the gospel from spreading. These early churches practiced hymn singing and also believed in miracles such as healing. According to Noll, the Jews were attacked by Romans on 66AD and the war continued for seven years.5 This resulted in taking over of Jerusalem wh ich was the centre of Christianity’s communication, organization and authority and consequently replacing it with Rome. This according to Noll served to expand Christianity from Jewish Christianity to universal Christianity, that is, from Judaism to Christianity. The church became independent and creeds were established to â€Å"mark out boundaries of Christian faith.† 6 Christian reform did not end with transformation from Judaism to Christianity; rather, more reforms were in the offing. The Roman Catholic was the dominant denomination and followed the structure that was used by the apostles with the pope as the head of the church. However, the church entangled itself with politics and materialism leading to decay of some moral values. The congregation was supposed to pay taxes, women were not allowed to preach, indulgencies.7 Besides, some people were not happy with the doctrine of celibacy. As such, the protestant movement cropped up and led to reformation of the ch urch. In the protestant church, women were allowed to preach and clergy were allowed to marry. The doctrine of repentance or confession was done away with as people could communicate directly with God instead of confessing sins to priests.8 The protestant church also differed on several issues leading to formation of many other denominations such as Calvinists, Anabaptist, Lutherans and Anglicans.9 The ruling king decided on the denomination to be adopted by the country; some countries were

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research Proposal Example Exemplary programs that effectively accomplish this goal can be seen as a model for others educational agencies in the area to follow. Due to the explosive growth of the at-risk population over the past few decades, it is now time to reflect on the successes and failures of various initiatives and policies designed to reverse the trend and help young people in this population graduate. Providing a wide range of educational options to at-risk youth is a relatively new concept in American education, but one that is gaining momentum nationwide. Educators and other interested stakeholders are now working hard to determine the types of programs that, if properly implemented, can help at-risk youth to be successful. The knowledge gained from this research study will be useful in providing much needed information to the public and private educational sectors. This study will, therefore, provide information that individuals associated with educating at-risk youth can use to implement more ef fective programs that reach this population in a positive way. Statement of the Problem The problem is that high school students around the country are dropping out of school at alarming rates (Bracy, 2006). ... 270). Many strategies being implemented today focus on the needs of students at-risk of dropping out of school prior to graduation. Community members and concerned stakeholders, namely the public at large, sincerely hope that these new initiatives will provide a much needed spark to the role that education plays in society and, in particular, to the at-risk student population. Significance of the Problem This proposed study is important because it will examine avenues that local and state governments can explore to encourage young people to graduate high school. Because many areas of the country have historically encountered great difficulty in this area, various programs have been introduced and developed over time to help address the problem. Current data indicates, however, that these programs are not having much, if any, impact on graduation rates in many areas (Quach, 2005, p. 71). This study will then focus on discovering those initiatives that proving effective and can serve a s models for future at-risk education in other localities across the country. American society has long feared the implications of an uneducated populace. The purpose of the educational system in this country has been predicated on the premise that teachers prepare young people to become positive contributors to society (Sadker & Sadker, 2010). The significance of this reality is that educated people tend to offer their community more valuable services and skills and are less likely to exhibit negative behaviors. Currently, however, America is suffering from high drop out rates and some states are beginning to see a significant decrease in the number of at-risk youth going on to

Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Finances

Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Finances Summary The objective of this research is to study the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on financial performance. The trend of CSR addresses a major challenge in providing a broader representation of the business environment, understood not simply in its economic and financial but also social, human and ecological through an operationalization and verification of the theoretical model proposed in a sample of Tunisian firms, evidenced by a questionnaire sent to 30 companies Tunisian drawn. The results are the lack of link between CSR and financial performance measured by the accounting ROA, while there is a positive if financial performance is measured by ROE. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility of Firms, Financial Performance, Rà ©sumà © Lobjectif de cette recherche est dà ©tudier limpact de la Responsabilità © Socià ©tale de lEntreprise (RSE) sur la performance financià ¨re. La RSE rà ©pond à   un enjeu majeur, en proposant une reprà ©sentation à ©largie de lenvironnement des firmes, entendu non seulement dans ses dimensions à ©conomiques et financià ¨res, mais aussi sociales, humaines et à ©cologiques. A travers, une opà ©rationnalisation et une và ©rification du modà ¨le thà ©orique proposà ©, au niveau dun à ©chantillon dentreprises tunisiennes, matà ©rialisà ©, par un questionnaire adressà © à   30 entreprises tunisiennes tirà © au sort. Les rà ©sultats obtenus relà ¨vent labsence de lien entre la RSE et la performance financià ¨re mesurà ©e par lindicateur comptable ROA, alors quil existe un lien positif si la performance financià ¨re est mesurà ©e par lROE. Mots clà ©s: Responsabilità © Socià ©tale de lEntreprise, Performance Financià ¨re 1- INTRODUCTION In the 1850s, the role of the company was seen as a purely economic, and bounded to the maximization of profit for shareholders. In this regard, such an approach is consistent with a classical view of the firm where management essentially concerns managers and shareholders (Friedman, 1970). Further, the company was faced increased pressure from its stakeholders (Freeman, 1984). In this regard; it should take into account the effects of its activities in the communities where it operates. This brings her back to reconsider its relations with its stakeholders and to reconcile the often conflicting objectives of various interest groups. The idea of social responsibility of business now (CSR) responds to this challenge by providing a broader representation of the business environment, understood not simply in its economic and financial but also social, human and ecological. Any company that wants to ensure its sustainability, an imperative for financial performance, but also should not ignore or largely ignore the societal benefit that is to say, to engage in a societal approach. The objective of this research is twofold , first to study the impact of CSR on financial performance. Second in a more explicit, we wish to study in the target companies in our survey, the degree of perception of the concept of social responsibility through five dimensions namely: economic, legal, ethical, discretionary, and environmental. In this part, our problem is as follows; What is the impact of social responsibility of corporate financial performance? 2. SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE COMPANY (CSR): TOWARDS THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW CONCEPT Being responsible is to ensure their actions and their consequences and to accept accountability. But when this term is applied to the company, it is a concept that can be understood in different ways. Nowadays, the definition and delimitation of the concept of social responsibility still the subject of controversy and conceptual differences. So, social responsibility has been the subject of increased attention by many organizations of diverse nature, the European and global institutions, professional associations and business networks, Its emergence is born with Bowen (1953) who scored in the first initiative CSR refers to the requirement for businessmen to carry out the policies, decisions and follow the guidelines spreading objectives and values that are considered desirable in our society. Subsequently, MC Guire (1963) argues in his work that the idea of social responsibility implies that the firm has not only economic or legal obligations but also has responsibilities to society that go beyond these obligations . Then, Davis (1973) emphasizes that CSR refers to the consideration by the business issues that go beyond its economic obligations and the technical equal and close to the answers that gives these companies problems. This means that CSR begins where law ends. For Carroll (1979) CSR integrates all economic expectations, legal, ethical and philanthropic society may have in respect of a company at a time. While Jones (1980) stresses the idea that companies, by then the statutory or contractual obligation to have a societal actors. Similarly, Wood (1991) anchors his discussion on the meaning of the liability can be seen that through the interplay of three principles: legitimacy, public responsibility and distinction of three levels of institutional analysis, organizational and individual. In reality, these definitions are generally content to highlight the discretionary nature of CSR, highlighting the fact that it recognized the dimensions beyond the purely economic or legal activity of the company. What brought Carroll (1979) distinguish four categories of CSR: The economic responsibility The legal liability, Responsibility Ethics Responsibility discretion. 2.1 Approaches to CSR measures Measuring CSR is a necessary condition for knowledge of their own social responsibility and thus to control environmental and social impacts. Assessing the social and environmental performance, the establishment of a steering system for the performance and accountability on these external dimensions imply the existence of metrics to assess the quality of management of the business related non-financial. In fact, the existence of these metrics is also of particular importance to other stakeholders that ethical investors who require such information to select the best performing companies on the main criteria the quality of resource management Human and respect for human rights. This leads companies to establish a legal and socio-technical infrastructure to make measurable CSR stakeholders. In theoretical terms, the extent of CSR faces similar problems to those identified to define the concept of CSR: the multiplicity of approaches and dimensions of this complex concept, difficult to r eport objectively its components more subjective often linked to an assessment based on criteria related to ethics or a social context. 2.1.1 Measuring CSR in the academic literature Among the different methods of measurement of CSR that have been used, we can distinguish five categories: Measures of speech, such as content analysis of annual reports, which are to be based on remarks made by companies to assess their CSR, for example by counting the number of lines or words dedicated to themes CSR in the annual report of a company; Indicators of pollution provided by some agencies to assess the pollution of businesses, such as the Toxic Release Inventory in the U.S., or for example measurements of the diffusion of CO2 by businesses; Measures of attitudes and values aimed at assessing the sensitivity of members of the organization (eg managers, employees) to the various dimensions of CSR and are generally administered in the form of a questionnaire; Measures of reputation, such as the indicator of reputation developed by Markowitz in the 1970s in the American magazine Fortune, which includes criteria related to CSR that are assessed by a panel of industry experts to which operates within the enterprise in question; The behavioral measures or audit, developed by the agencies that specialize in the assessment of social behavior and environmental responsibility, such as the U.S. KLD, EIRIS in Britain or in France Vigeo. 3. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: DEFINITION Performance is tried to rely on market efficiency that ensures the best allocation of resources and rejects any notion of corporate responsibility other than making profit for its shareholders. As a design performance based on an external view (the current shareholders and potential), often linked to the stock exchange during the action of the company. The performance measures are thus based on data from financial statements. The control and management are geared towards the minimization of costs and return on investment. It is a large building which includes questions on the financial performance within the organization. For a financial indicator, the financial performance of the organization is measured by its financial validity, such as accessibility to different sources of funding or its profitability compared to its investments, its assets or its equity. 2.1 MEASUREMENT OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE According to empirical studies, accounting measures provide most of the time positive correlations between CSR and financial performance. (Cochran and Wood, 1994; Waddock and Graves, 1997; Preston and O Bannon, 1997; Stanwick and Stanwick, 1998; Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, Moore, 2001; Rufetal, 2001). In addition, these measures from the accounts have the advantage of providing a more relevant measure of economic performance of the company and predict a more reliable the possible link between CSR and financial performance. On the other hand, the stock market measures have the advantage of being less prone to managerial manipulation. Especially since they represent scores of investors on the business ability to generate economic benefits (Mc Guire et al, 1988). However, these variables are evaluated specific investor and does not allow to reveal the economic reality of the business (Ullmann, 1985), the results that emerge from studies using measures such as stock market are mi xed, Markovitz, (1972) found a positive relationship, Vance (1975) proves otherwise, and Buchotz Alexander (1978) found a weak correlation or no. Griffin and Mahon (1997) stress that results from market-related measures are mostly negative and called for greater use of accounting measures. To better understand the financial performance and provide a more comprehensive or less of the latter, further research incorporating both measures at a time (Mc Guire, et al, 1988; Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, Moore, 2001 ; Seifert; Maurras and Barktkus, 2003, 2004). 4. SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE 4.1 CSR and financial performance: theoretical approaches 4.1.1 The existence of a relationship between CSR and financial performance The theoretical approaches to corporate social responsibility are essentially based on the current contract philosophers and sociological neo-institutionalism. They particularly questioned the compatibility between market logic and the goal of maximum profit that underpin the economic rationale of the business and societal concerns such as sustainable development, intergenerational equity, the general interest which are purposes prior to appearing foreign or contrary to the entrepreneurial logic. In other words, the exercise of social responsibility of business is it an impossible synthesis between the collective demands long-term expectations and short-term private? The theoretical basis is between two opposite poles: on one side, the neoclassical theories, based on market efficiency, reject any idea of social responsibility of business other than making profit for its shareholders (Friedman, 1970). On the other, theories that mobilize a teleological principle and argue that there i s a moral responsibility of policy makers towards future generations and a large number of societal problems. However, the only approach moralistic-ethical is not sufficient to illuminate the strategic behavior of firms in the societal area because it does not understand the motivations of corporate behavior. In this approach, stakeholders influence policy decisions of leaders and they are accountable to them about how they took into account their expectations. 4.2 The stakeholder theory From the 1980s, the theory of stakeholders (Stakeholders theory) is gradually accepted as a framework to further specify the groups vis-à  -vis what the enterprise is (or should exercise) its societal responsibilities. The work of Freeman (1984) popularized this theory by proposing to define as stakeholder all persons or groups who are likely to affect and / or be affected by the conduct of the strategy of undertaking. The theory of stakeholder theory is now the most frequently mobilized both by researchers as actors in the business. She entered the company at the heart of a set of relationships with partners who are not only shareholders (Shareholders), but players interested in or affected by the activities and business decisions. The stakeholder theory is not exempt from a normative vision and ethics but it seeks to integrate economic goals: it states that cooperation contracts establish trust between the firm and its stakeholders and provides a competitive advantage the company. One might wonder whether the inclusion of stakeholder expectations is not rather the result of traditional rules of management that the outcome of a deliberative process of integrating moral principles. Despite its omnipresence in all the literature on corporate social responsibility, this theory remains ambiguous about its theoretical basis and presents a number of limitations. On the one hand, it is part of a relational representation of the organization based on fair contracts that involve conflicts of interest may be resolved by ensuring a maximization of the interests of each group. On the other hand, it would be unrealistic to consider a comprehensive consideration of all potential stakeholders. The rationality of leaders is necessarily limited by the urgency of the problems, pressures and information systems available to them that they decided to put in place. A first theoretical approach suggests that the company is more successful socially; it is more efficient economically and financially. Instead, the company will be more economically efficient and less it will be socially. Finally, beyond these two extreme views, it is possible to consider the assumptions of positive and negative synergy that cross the different conceptual foundations. With these assumptions also added a generic assumption of neutrality of interactions: Gond, 2001) and assuming a more complex relationship. 5. CSR and financial performance: Many theoretical explanations The theoretical explanations to clarify the nature of the relationship between societal and financial performance are numerous. They can be organized into three distinct categories: explanations postulating the existence of linear relationships between these two constructs, explanations suggesting no link between the two constructs, and finally explanations assume the existence of nonlinear relationships between these two variables. 5.1 The models suggest a positive link between CSR and performance Two theoretical models support the idea of a positive impact of CSR on financial performance (Social Impact Hypothesis) and the assumption of funds available as excess resources available to discretionary managers or Organizational Slack (Available Fund Hypothesis). According to the hypothesis of positive social impact, companies with a high level of CSR demonstrate their ability to master the implicit costs and negative externalities of the organization and report to stakeholders and the quality of their management. The theory of stakeholders (Stakeholders theory) that establishes the hypothesis of the influence of social practices, has created a vast literature on the interaction between CSR and firm performance (Freeman, 1984, Cornell and Shapiro, 1987; Ullmann, 1985, Clarkson 1995, Donaldson and Preston, 1995): Satisfaction with the business objectives of stakeholders promotes the improvement of economic and financial performance (Freeman, 1984). The second model, that of Organizational Slack addresses the link between social performance and economic performance by proposing the idea that this is not the social responsibility that is the condition for obtaining a high level financial performance but, instead, the level of financial performance which allows the company to engage in socially responsible actions. Mc Guire et al, (1988) reported that financial performance could improve the level of social performance and their work has been partially confirmed those by Preston et al, (1991). The profitability of the business differential is then a condition of social behavior; Kraft and Hadges (1990) have shown that excess resources and the attitude of managers towards society strongly influence the level of responsibility social enterprises. 5.2 The models suggest a negative relationship between CSR and financial performance Unlike the two previous models, others say that companies realize the best social performance are also those with the worst economic performance and vice versa in this spirit, a negative relationship between societal performance and financial performance dominates. The literature suggests two models that assume a negative relationship between CSR and performance, distinguished by the nature of causality assumed. The first model Trade-Off Hypothesis or assumptions arbitration assumes that the inclusion of corporate social responsibility involves additional financial costs resulting therefore a competitive disadvantage (Friedman, 1962, 1970). In this perspective, any move away from socially responsible leaders of their goal of maximizing profits (Aupperle, Carroll and Hatzfeld, 1985). Drucker (1984, p.58) states that making a profit is fundamentally incompatible with the social responsibility of business 5.3 The models suggest a positive or negative synergy The typology developed by Preston and OBannon (1997) suggests two hypotheses that are based on different theoretical approaches outlined above. Indeed, in the context of a comprehensive model explaining it is possible to envisage a virtuous circle (positive synergy): a high level of social performance leads to improved financial performance that provides the opportunity to reinvest in social actions responsible (Waddock and Graves, 1997). In contrast, a low level of societal performance led to a decline in financial performance limits, therefore, socially responsible investment (negative synergy). 5.4 The models suggest a missing link The conceptual contributions of Mc Williams and Siegel (2001) lead Gond (2001) to complete the typology of Preston and O Bannon (1997) by formulating the hypothesis of no link between the two dimensions. Indeed, Mc Williams and Siegel (2001) propose a model of supply and demand for social responsibility that helps explain the lack of consensus results obtained by empirical academic studies. According to them, there is a supply and demand for social responsibility, in a standard micro, who led each of them to invest socially to meet the demand of stakeholders. Market equilibrium cancels costs and profits generated by successively supply of social responsibility. This approach leads to a hypothesis of neutrality of interactions between social performance and financial performance. 5.5 The models suggest a more complex relationship The results obtained by Bowman and Haire (1975) led Moore (2001) also refine the typology of Preston and OBannon (1997) and the hypothesis of positive relationship between more complex two-dimensional. Indeed, Bowman and Haire (1975) but also, more recently, Barnett and Salomon (2003) showed a non-linear U-shaped inverted between social performance and financial performance, indicating an optimum level beyond which socially responsible investment longer improves financial performance. The multiplicity of theoretical hypotheses advanced to explain the nature of interactions between CSR and financial performance has led to develop empirical tests to define the conditions of validity of the various mechanisms invoked.. 6. CSR and financial performance: empirical approaches Clarification of the economic impact of CSR has always been a major concern in the field of study on the relationship between business and society. It is therefore not surprising that empirical work on this issue have been very numerous, there were in 2007 more than 160 empirical studies on the subject. This work focused on the nature of interactions between the firms ability to achieve a high level of CSR and financial performance by studying the interactions between on the one hand, social performance (or societal) Company (CSR) and, secondly, its financial performance (FP). These interactions have been studied mainly through two levels of analysis we will present successively: Many publications over the last twenty years have highlighted the link between social responsibility and financial performance of the company. But these studies show conflicting results do not establish clearly the existence of a positive or negative relationship between social responsibility and financial firms (Preston and OBannon, 1997; Griffin and Mahon, 1997; Mac Williams and Siegel , 2001, Margolis and Walsh, 2002). The lack of theoretical foundation and conceptual studies, lack of uniformity in evaluation of social responsibility and financial and methodological shortcomings found explain the poor results obtained. Studies most recent research (Griffin and Mahon, 1997; Roman Hayibor and Agle, 1999, Margolis and Walsh, 2003) found a slight advantage for the detection of positive links between societal performance and financial performance . The synthesis of the literature identifies 122 studies published between 1971 and 2001 with an accelerating pace of recently published (35 studies between 1997 and 2001) and far (2007) on more than 160 empirical studies on this subject, but also this research were sometimes biased in the direction of the illumination of a positive relationship. For example, the 122 education fifty and claim a positive association between social responsibility and financial performance twenty get mixed results, twenty seven indicate no ties and seven observed a negative relationship. 6.1 The hypothesis of impact-social Social Impact Hypothesis According to (Freeman 1984, Donaldson and Preston, 1995), stakeholder theory has explained the origin of the favorable influence social behavior on financial performance. Indeed, CSR is an indicator of the ability of business to effectively meet the demands of various stakeholders. This has consequently regained their confidence and thus improve profitability (Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998). Waddock and Graves (1997) speak of Good Management Theory that there is a high correlation between good management practice and CSR, simply because an improvement in social activity entails a special relationship with Key Stakeholders Groups (Freeman, 1984), implying more performance. In addition, a review of empirical literature confirms a positive relationship between the two components (Mc Guire et al, 1988; Waddock and Graves, 1997; Preston and OBannon, 1997; Verschoor, 1998, Stanwick and Stanwick, 1998; Mc Williams and Siegel, 2000, Moore 2001, Ruf et al, 2001, Orlitsky, 2001; Kohers an d Simpson, 2002). Allouche and Laroche (2005) identified 82 research, 75 of them have found a positive link, while Margolis and Walsh (2003) who counted 54 out of 127 studies confirming the positive relationship. Hence our first hypothesis H1: Social responsibility has a positive impact on financial performance. 6.2 The Trade-Off Hypothesis This hypothesis refers to the classical theory of Friedman (1962, 1970) that CSR is an investment that increases costs and takes place at the expense of financial performance. For example a decision to invest in equipment acquisition environmentally friendly while other competitors do not, can generate a competitive disadvantage. Hence the reduction in profitability which may cause discontent among shareholders. This finding was also confirmed by Aupperle et al, (1985), the authors conclude that social activities such as donation to charity, environmental protection and community development dissipate more resources and generate additional costs, which disadvantages the company against its competitors less engaged in social actions. Searches return the negative relationship to abnormalities in particular methodological tools to measure financial performance. The negative association is due to the use of market variables as a measure of financial performance (Griffin and Mahon, 1997). In reality, the number of studies that lead to a negative relationship is very small, Margolis and Walsh (2003) identify 127 studies dealing with the subject in question, and they found that only 8 of them expect a negative correlation between the two dimensions. of where our second hypothesis H2: The social responsibility has a negative impact on financial performance. 6.3 The lack of connection between the two dimensions Some authors suggest that CSR and financial performance are both built entirely separate. Ullmann (1995) emphasizes that the link from a pure coincidence. The correlation is generated, according to the author, by intervening variables that occur in an unpredictable manner and that link the two constructs. Meanwhile, Waddock and Graves (1997) show that the methodological problems in operationalizing CSR tend to obscure the link. A multitude of empirical studies have provided no link between the two dimensions (Aupperle et al, 1985; Fogler and Nutt, 1975; Abbot and Monsen, 1979, Freedman and Jaggi, 1986; ONeil, Mark Saunders and Carthey 1989; Seifert, Maris and Barkus, 2004, Graves and Waddock, 1999). Others state that the link is weak or nonexistent (Alexander and Bchholz 1978, Cochran and Wood, 1984; Krauz and Pava, 1996; Berman et al, 1999; Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, Seifert and Morris Barktkus , 2003). Griffin and Mahon (1997), Balaban, Hugh and Jonathan (1998) found that the results are inconclusive: the variables selected do not distinguish between successful firms and inefficient firms. In this context, our third hypothesis H3: There is no link between social responsibility and financial performance. 7. CSR and financial performance: The effect of control variables Research has shown that the relationship between CSR and financial performance is not absolute, it must take into account the weight of the elements of each company (Ullmann, 1985; Waddock and Graves, 1997) and are likely to moderate the relationship between the two constructs. These characteristics are operationalized as control variables. 7.1 The effect risk The risk is variable, with several studies in different contexts have shown that it controls the relationship between the two dimensions. The argument assumes the risk that companies have a low risk to commit advantage in social activities, and vice versa. Companies with low risk have a stable performance model, and therefore, this situation seems very conducive to investment in social activities (Roberts, 1992). Aupperle et al, (1985) postulate that firms more socially responsible are identified as being better managed and risks are minimal. This finding is especially approved by the study of Mc Guire et al, (1988); ONeil, Mark Saunders and Carthey (1989), Waddock and Graves (1997), Graves and Waddock (1999). In contrast, Aupperle et al, (1985) found a correlation, positive correlation between CSR and risk accounting, and negative but not significant between CSR and market risk. 7.2 The effect size The argument for the size stipulated that organizations undertake major advantage in social actions; small organizations do not give importance to social activity (Waddock and Graves, 1997). Burke et al, (1986) argue that companies, as and as they grow, give more attention to external factors and better meet the demands of stakeholders, Stanwick and Stanwick (1998) found that size, measured by the volume of sales and total assets is positively related to CSR. Mc Guire et al (1988) find a positive but not significant between CSR and the size measured by total assets. 7.3 The effect sector The sector as designed in the literature is a moderating effect of CSR and PF relationship, eg the extent of the consideration of environmental responsibility by a chemical company is not the same a financial institution. A plurality of researchers took into account the control variable as in include: Waddock and Graves, 1997, Griffin and Mahon, 1997, Graves and Waddock, 1999; Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, McWilliams and Siegel 2000, Moore 2001, Ruf et al, 2001; Seifer, Morris and Barktkus, 2003.2004. 8. theoretical model 9. METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH The objective of empirical research is to empirically test our research hypotheses and the theoretical model proposed. In order to test the validity of our assumptions on a sample drawn from all Tunisian companies, we proceeded by two steps the first is to measure the perception of Tunisian companies to the concept of CSR and then study the impact of this latest financial performance. Through our research, we chose the method of direct interview, and for several reasons, we conduct a field investigation, by adopting the technique of direct investigation on the basis of a questionnaire. The survey covered a sample of 30 Tunisian companies selected from different sectors. 9.1 The scale of measurement of CSR predictor For measurement of CSR, we will adopt that developed by Maignan et al (1999), which forms part of the work on measuring social performance. This scale operationalizes the concept of social performance by measuring the dimensions of the construct. In fact, two major scales have been developed in this perspective: The oldest is that of Aupperle, Carroll and Hatfield (1985) measuring the orientation of managers towards social responsibility, the latest and most complete is that of organizational citizenship Maignan et al. (1999), reused by Maignan and Ferrell (2001). These two instruments take over the traditional classification in four types of social responsibilities of Carroll (1979): economic, legal, ethical and discretionary or philanthropic organizations that are a reflection of society see the company actively engaged in its local environment and / or global defense of social causes and public interest. Regarding the scale of Aupperle et al (1985), it is intended to measure only the views of leaders on the relative importance of each of the four dimensions of social responsibility of business. While the scale of Maignan et al. (1999) is designed to gather perceptions of the social performance of the business stakeholders throughout the company (Maignan and Ferrell, 2001). Indeed, the scale was constructed from academic studies describing activities commonly accepted as citizens by the three main stakeholders ie employees, customers, stakeholders public. These authors manage this work, mainly to executives (Maignan et al 1999, Maignan and Ferrell, 2001) to have completed the questionnaire as relevant as the leaders and general information about the company cutting. Hence, our questionnaire has five dimensions are those of Carroll (1979), added an environmental dimension whose items are inspired by the Global Compact (1999). This choice is argued by the importance it attaches to the environment today, and the pressures that companies face to reflect the impact of its activities on the environment in which it operates, it is relevant namely the impact of the inclusion of the natural environment on the financial performance of Tunisian firms.

Essay --

The Evolution of a Global Economy and Its Effects Relating to Wal-Mart Introduction The whole has been filled with many business challenges and market opportunities. As a result, there have been many changes in the overall turnover of the organization. This paper will focus on financial resources, operating, financial and equity return of the organization. International finance has been a major boost for businesses world over to grow and dominate their sectors. Those businesses that utilize this facility end up being a major success internationally. The use of international finance means that the businesses have more investments, cash flows and capital growth; this increases their chances of growth through investing in global markets. World financial institutions such as; world banks, world trade organizations, commercial banks have been responsible for funding business that have changed over to big businesses making volumes of sales throughout the world. I would like to make my discussion by using Wal-Mart as an example of what is happening in our world. For example, Thomas Friedman, in his book â€Å"The World is Flat†, says that if Wal-Mart were an individual business, it would rank as China’s eighth-biggest trading partner, ahead of Russia, Australia, and Canada. Wal-Mart is a perfect example of a business that has used world finance to retain sustained growth and development. This paper also focuses on world finance and how it has enabled Wal-Mart to grow beyond borders while still a gross profit, it also answers the question how government bodies affect financial decision-making. This paper studies Wal-Mart external business market and its influence on its strategic business contingency plan. Economically, Wal-Mart has enjoyed... ...art has joint ventures in China and several majority-owned subsidiaries. Wal-Mart’s majority-owned subsidiary in Mexico is Walmex. In Japan, Wal-Mart owns 100 percent of Seiyu as of 2008 (walmartstores.com) Wal-Mart also owns 51 percent of the Central American Retail Holding Company, more than 360 supermarkets and other stores in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Global Impact In 1993, President Bill Clinton signed The North America Free Trade Agreement into law. The trade agreement eliminated all non-tariff barriers to agricultural trade and tariff rate quotas allowing Wal-Mart to import products and export jobs. This had a great financial impact on America. However after seeing the affects this agreement would have on our country, Congress expanded the North America Free Trade Agreement to include over thirty-one additional countries. Essay -- The Evolution of a Global Economy and Its Effects Relating to Wal-Mart Introduction The whole has been filled with many business challenges and market opportunities. As a result, there have been many changes in the overall turnover of the organization. This paper will focus on financial resources, operating, financial and equity return of the organization. International finance has been a major boost for businesses world over to grow and dominate their sectors. Those businesses that utilize this facility end up being a major success internationally. The use of international finance means that the businesses have more investments, cash flows and capital growth; this increases their chances of growth through investing in global markets. World financial institutions such as; world banks, world trade organizations, commercial banks have been responsible for funding business that have changed over to big businesses making volumes of sales throughout the world. I would like to make my discussion by using Wal-Mart as an example of what is happening in our world. For example, Thomas Friedman, in his book â€Å"The World is Flat†, says that if Wal-Mart were an individual business, it would rank as China’s eighth-biggest trading partner, ahead of Russia, Australia, and Canada. Wal-Mart is a perfect example of a business that has used world finance to retain sustained growth and development. This paper also focuses on world finance and how it has enabled Wal-Mart to grow beyond borders while still a gross profit, it also answers the question how government bodies affect financial decision-making. This paper studies Wal-Mart external business market and its influence on its strategic business contingency plan. Economically, Wal-Mart has enjoyed... ...art has joint ventures in China and several majority-owned subsidiaries. Wal-Mart’s majority-owned subsidiary in Mexico is Walmex. In Japan, Wal-Mart owns 100 percent of Seiyu as of 2008 (walmartstores.com) Wal-Mart also owns 51 percent of the Central American Retail Holding Company, more than 360 supermarkets and other stores in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Global Impact In 1993, President Bill Clinton signed The North America Free Trade Agreement into law. The trade agreement eliminated all non-tariff barriers to agricultural trade and tariff rate quotas allowing Wal-Mart to import products and export jobs. This had a great financial impact on America. However after seeing the affects this agreement would have on our country, Congress expanded the North America Free Trade Agreement to include over thirty-one additional countries.